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The primary objective of CNC machining is to achieve high-speed, high-precision, and high-efficiency operations. Ensuring that the optimal acceleration and deceleration control law is applied with the shortest transition time, while maintaining smooth movement, is crucial for meeting the requirements of high-speed machining. This remains a critical challenge in acceleration and deceleration research. Two common types of acceleration/deceleration control schemes exist: front-end and rear-end control. Front-end control typically occurs before interpolation and after preprocessing, adjusting the command feed speed. Rear-end control, on the other hand, takes place after the interpolator and before the servo controller, directly managing the feed speed of each axis. While rear-end control is simpler and does not require calculating deceleration points, it can lead to significant contour errors if the servo gains of different axes vary, thereby affecting overall accuracy.
As a result, front-end acceleration and deceleration control is more widely used today. Acceleration and deceleration methods can be broadly categorized into traditional and flexible approaches. Traditional methods include trapezoidal and exponential acceleration/deceleration, which may impact motion stability due to abrupt changes in acceleration. Flexible methods, such as trigonometric, S-curve, and polynomial-based techniques, offer smoother transitions and are gaining popularity in high-speed machining applications. These modern approaches provide better performance and reliability, making them essential for future advancements in CNC technology.
China's CNC machine tools are gradually transitioning to processing units
Abstract : "Currently, the global machine tool technology is centered around CNC machine bed machines, and it is expected to evolve significantly over the next two decades," says researcher Luo Baihui. He emphasizes the need for further improvements in accuracy, efficiency, automation, intelligence, and connectivity. Building on this foundation, CNC machine tools are gradually evolving into machining units and advanced flexible manufacturing systems. China's "National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020)" identifies "high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment" as one of the 16 key national science and technology projects. It clearly outlines the goal of developing high-end CNC machine tools in China. The advancement and application of these tools have raised the bar for numerical control systems, with high-speed and high-precision motion control becoming a central focus. This area has drawn significant attention both domestically and internationally, with extensive research from theoretical concepts to practical implementations. These efforts have effectively driven technological progress in high-end CNC machining.