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China's CNC machine tools are gradually transitioning to processing units
**Abstract**: "Currently, the technical level of machine tools worldwide is based on the production of CNC machine bed machines, and it is expected to evolve over the next 20 years," says researcher Luo Baihui. He emphasizes that further improvements in accuracy, efficiency, automation, intelligence, and connectivity are essential. Building upon this foundation, CNC machine tools are gradually evolving into machining units and advanced flexible manufacturing systems.
**Introduction**: "At present, the technical level of the world's machine tools is based on the production of CNC machine bed machines, and will be developed in the next 20 years." Researcher Luo Baihui believes in further improving accuracy, efficiency, automation, intelligence, and networking. On the basis of this, CNC machine tools are gradually transitioning to machining units and cutting-edge flexible manufacturing systems.
China's "National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020)" identifies "high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment major projects" as one of the 16 national science and technology initiatives. It clearly outlines the goal of developing China’s high-end CNC machine tools. The development and application of these advanced systems have placed higher demands on numerical control systems. Among these, high-speed and high-precision motion control has become a key technology in modern CNC systems. This area has drawn significant attention both domestically and internationally, with extensive research conducted from theoretical studies to practical applications. These efforts have effectively driven the technological progress of high-end CNC machine tools.
The primary objective of CNC machining is to achieve high-speed, high-precision, and high-efficiency operations. One of the main challenges is ensuring that the optimal acceleration and deceleration control law is implemented within the shortest possible transition time while maintaining smooth machine movement. This ensures that the machine tool possesses the necessary acceleration and deceleration characteristics required for high-speed machining.
Acceleration and deceleration control typically comes in two forms: front-end and rear-end control. Front-end acceleration and deceleration control is usually applied before interpolation or after preprocessing, adjusting the command feed speed. In contrast, rear-end acceleration and deceleration control takes place after the interpolator and before the servo controller, managing the feed speed of each axis. Rear-end control doesn’t require calculating the deceleration point, making the algorithm simpler. However, if the servo gains of different axes vary, it can lead to significant contour errors and impact overall motion accuracy.
Because of these issues, front-end acceleration and deceleration control is more commonly used today. Acceleration and deceleration methods can be broadly categorized into traditional and flexible approaches. Traditional methods include trapezoidal and exponential acceleration/deceleration, which may cause instability due to abrupt changes in acceleration. Flexible methods, such as trigonometric, S-curve, and polynomial-based approaches, offer smoother acceleration profiles. These are gaining popularity in high-speed machining due to their ability to maintain continuous and stable motion, thus improving overall performance and precision.