Graphene is a one-atom-thick carbon sheet, but it is quite hard and has good electrical conductivity. This is the finest material to date. The researchers believe that graphene can be used to make transparent electrodes in photovoltaic solar cells, replacing the infusibility of indium tin oxide, which is fragile and increasingly expensive. Researchers at the A*STAR High Energy Computing Institute in Singapore compared the two materials. They found that graphene is better than indium tin oxide in the absorption of spectral light in solar cells. The wavelength of sunlight has a certain intensity, and different wavelengths of light carry different energy. The resistance of the transparent electrode on the photovoltaic device should be as low as possible to improve the performance of the device while conducting electricity. The graphene sheet produced by the "chemical vapor deposition" method is four times larger than the 10 nm thick indium tin oxide layer. Although the thickened graphene layer can reduce the resistance, it can also block more light from passing through. The researchers calculated that the effect of four layers of graphene rubbing together is the same as that of the indium tin oxide layer. Compared with indium tin oxide, graphene has a prominent advantage. It allows 97% of various wavelengths of sunlight to pass through to the underlying solar cell. In comparison, indium tin oxide blocks sunlight at certain wavelengths. Four-layer graphene is slightly more transparent than indium tin oxide. The researchers also tested how these two materials affect flexible organic solar cells that can absorb 350-650 nanometer wavelengths of sunlight. They found that four layers of graphene can only output 92.3% of the power of an equivalent indium tin oxide electrode. Graphene is similar to indium tin oxide in absorbing near-infrared light. The researchers concluded that graphene may be more suitable for spectroscopically absorbing photovoltaic cells, such as recently developed organic solar cells capable of absorbing 350-850 nanometers. With the improvement of the graphene manufacturing technology, it is possible to produce 1-2 layers of graphene sheets, which are more transparent and more conductive than the indium-tin oxide layers, so that graphene transparent batteries can be used more widely.
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