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How to improve the fertilizer utilization rate of greenhouse vegetables
Greenhouse vegetables represent a high-input, high-output agricultural method conducted in controlled environments. The way fertilizers are applied significantly affects both the efficiency of nutrient utilization and the overall economic returns from production.
Common Misconceptions in Fertilizer Application
1. Drying Organic Manure
Organic manure and chicken manure are commonly used as base fertilizers for greenhouse vegetables. However, many farmers dry these materials in the fields for convenience, leading to water loss. This practice encourages the growth of maggots and causes nitrogen to volatilize, resulting in a loss of essential nutrients.
2. Applying Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorus on Alkaline Soil
Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are weakly acidic fertilizers that are insoluble in water. They need to be converted into water-soluble forms under slightly acidic conditions to be absorbed by plant roots. On alkaline soils, where there is no immediate need for phosphorus, this can lead to physiological phosphorus deficiency in young plants.
3. Using Superphosphate as Top Dressing
Phosphorus has limited mobility in soil, typically moving only 1–3 cm. As a result, applying superphosphate as top dressing makes it difficult for crops to absorb the phosphorus, reducing its effectiveness.
4. Immediate Application of Urea
Urea is a water-soluble fertilizer that must be decomposed into ammonium bicarbonate before being absorbed by plants. If applied immediately and mixed with water, it can lead to significant losses, lowering the fertilizer's efficiency.
5. Dissolving Ammonium Bicarbonate in Water
Dissolving ammonium bicarbonate in water often results in uneven distribution, making crop management challenging. In the afternoon, when temperatures rise, ammonia gas may escape from the soil, potentially damaging the lower leaves of crops and causing fertilizer burn.
Methods to Improve Fertilizer Efficiency
1. Piling and Cooking Organic Fertilizer as Base Fertilizer
In late July, 4,000 kg of human waste is added to Xiangyang, along with 100 kg of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and 400 kg of crushed wheat straw. These materials are mixed and piled into a scorpion-like shape, covered with plastic film. Alternatively, using grass puree for 30 days results in high-quality organic fertilizer suitable for use as a base fertilizer.
2. Concentrated Application of Superphosphate
During transplanting, dig a hole 8 cm deep, place the phosphate casing 4–5 cm below the surface, and then transplant the seedlings shallowly. This reduces the distance between the root system and the phosphorus, addressing the issue of limited phosphorus movement.
3. Early and Deep Application of Urea
Applying urea early and deeply increases its absorption rate by 28% compared to shallow application. At temperatures of 15–20°C, apply 7 days ahead of schedule; at 20–25°C, apply 5 days earlier. Create a ditch 8–10 cm deep, cover the area after applying, and ensure sufficient time for ammoniation. Apply a 0.3% urea solution as a foliar spray every 7 days, using 100 kg per acre for 2–3 applications.
4. Deep Application of Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate is ideal for winter and greenhouse vegetable production due to its slow release and low volatility at 20°C. It dissociates into ammonium ions, which are adsorbed by the soil and gradually released for plant uptake. Even at 5°C, crops can absorb and utilize the nutrients. Applying it 8–10 cm deep, covering the area after application, can increase utilization by 10–30%, compared to a mere 10% when applied shallowly, and 7.8% more than when applied through water.