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In January 2008, the University of California, Santa Cruz, combined with the doping of nitrogen and the use of quantum dots capable of strongly absorbing visible light, successfully developed a nano-film material that can efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can not only absorb a wide range of Light energy, greatly improving the photoelectric conversion rate, and can be used in other energy technologies.
Rice University of the United States has developed a nanomaterial composed of upright aligned carbon nanotubes, which absorbs more than 99.9% of visible light. It is the darkest material known in the world and can be used for national defense or manufacturing high-efficiency solar panels. It is also expected to improve the quality of observation of some optical astronomical observation instruments.
In February, the Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States invented a new type of nanofiber that can generate electricity using human motion. This fiber material, which is 1000 times thinner than hair, can be used to design and weave "smart cloth" with an output power of 80 per square meter. Milliwatts, enough to drive an iPod player or charge a cell phone battery, the micro-sensors used in biomedical fields and environmental monitoring are also reliably powered.
In March, the United States General Electric Company successfully used the roll-to-roll "spin coating" method to produce organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are light, thin, bendable and high-performance, which will greatly reduce production costs and achieve lighting methods. A leap in flat display technology.
The Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a high-power nanomaterial that converts the radiation produced by nuclear fuel and nuclear reactions directly into electrical energy. This work is innovative and may have a major impact on the future of nuclear power.
In April, American scientists used nanogravity quality testing technology to find that titanium-containing transition metal ethylene compounds can absorb up to 12% by weight of hydrogen, which is much higher than the US Department of Energy's scheduled hydrogen storage of 5.4% in 2010. The capability goal is to make transition metal ethylene complexes the newest member of the promising family of hydrogen storage materials.
In July, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology invented a novel solar concentrator that uses a hybrid coating to increase the energy collected by each solar cell by more than 40 times while significantly reducing light transmission losses and reducing power generation costs.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of the United States has developed a growing crystal nanorod consisting of two single crystal materials, bismuth telluride and strontium sulfide, and can control the nanorods by controlling the temperature, time and amount of biomolecular surfactant. shape. This is an important advance in the synthesis of large-scale composite nanomaterials, which helps to take away the heat generated by electrical appliances or use thermal energy to generate electricity. This technology is expected to obtain smaller and more efficient heat sinks and other devices that use thermal energy to generate electricity.
In August, the University of California at Berkeley won two major breakthroughs in the field of metamaterials. For the first time in the world, it designed a reverse direction for the transmission of visible and near-infrared light. The 3D material that refracts visible light around the object is often found in the illusory world. The invisibility cloak will become a reality due to this breakthrough. This material will also contribute to basic imaging research for high-definition optical images, and to manufacture ultra-small integrated circuits for high-performance computers.
On August 19th, American scientists announced the invention of ultra-light film with a thickness of less than 0.5 mm, which is extremely flexible, which protects the aircraft from the extreme cold or extremely hot weather conditions of outer space and can withstand the impact of tiny meteorites. This film is also likely to be used in countries where climatic conditions change dramatically to build houses and better control temperatures.
In October, Chinese and American scientists claimed to produce a sponge-type carbon tube that is lighter and more flexible than traditional carbon fiber, between carbon fiber and carbon nanotube. The inner side is only 1.4 microns thick and has good permeability and conductivity. It can be used to make high-strength materials and has the potential to make a big difference in textile electronics.
Florida State University is developing a magical nano-paper made of tubular carbon molecules with a diameter of only 50,000 parts per person. It is 500 times stronger than steel and has electrical and thermal properties. It is expected to be used in the future. Lightweight, more energy-efficient aircraft and cars, more powerful computers, better-definition televisions and many other products have the potential to revolutionize materials science and manufacturing.
In November, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology added an anti-reflection coating on the front side of an ultra-thin silicon film constituting a solar cell, and added a fine structure composed of a multilayer reflection film and a diffraction grating on the back surface to successfully make a solar cell. The power output has been increased by 50%, and the first optical crystal thin film solar cell model has been developed, and the conversion efficiency has a 35% improvement.
In early December, the University of Texas and the University of Houston teamed up to develop nanoscale piezoelectric materials that could turn sound waves into electrical energy that drives low-energy electronics, and found that piezoelectric materials with a thickness of 21 nanometers have the strongest ability to convert sound waves. The efficiency of converting sound energy into electrical energy is increased by 100%. This new discovery will have a significant impact on low-energy electronics.
On December 8, the Rensselaer Institute of Technology announced that a cobalt nanostructure with a diameter of 1 nm to 10 nm was successfully embedded in multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and a new method for detecting the magnetic characteristics of nanomaterials was developed. This not only opens up new avenues for basic and applied physics research, but is also expected to help scientists take advantage of magnetic degrees of freedom to pave the way for increased electrical functions of carbon nanotubes.
In mid-December, American scientists used carbon nanotubes to make cell "sniffers" that can detect carcinogenic toxins in living cells or track the effects of cancer drugs, and can be used for chemotherapy monitoring.
In addition, American scientists have developed a variety of nano drug delivery tools to take a new step in the treatment of cancer. UCLA designed the first "nano-machine" driven by light, the "nano backpack" developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the "nano worm" developed by the University of California, San Diego and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It has broad application prospects in the fields of drug delivery and cancer diagnosis and treatment.
UK: There have been many advances in the field of nano-microstructures, demonstrating for the first time that carbon nanotubes are harmful to living organisms.
The University of Lancaster in the United Kingdom has designed a nanomotor consisting of double-walled carbon nanotubes driven by electronic “winds†generated by electron or photon changes in the photon. This new driving mechanism may help in the future development of nano-electromechanical structure technology.
The Imperial College of Science and Technology of the United Kingdom finally solved the manufacturing problem of plastic laser diodes by improving the molecular structure of PFO plastic materials. This new material delivers 200 times more charge than raw materials without sacrificing its luminous efficacy, while also increasing the ability of the laser to produce a wider range of wavelengths from near ultraviolet to near infrared.
Scottish researchers have successfully created a solid and flexible surface self-assembled structure of only 1 nanometer thick, which can be used to construct a molecular network that can be easily modified in a large area for the development of advanced sensors, catalysts and nanoelectronic devices. A key step in the microstructure.
Scientists in the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries have found that if a sufficient amount of asbestos-like carbon nanotubes are inhaled, it may cause rare malignant mesothelioma. This study shows for the first time that carbon nanotubes may harm the mesothelial cells of living things.
British scientists use the world's thinnest material, graphene, to make an ultra-small transistor that is one atom thick and 10 atoms wide. This technology is an important step toward the manufacture of reliable nanoscale ultra-small transistors.
Scientists at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom have for the first time identified a key cause of room temperature superconductivity, confirming that the charge "hole" carrier that plays an important role in superconductivity originates from the internal electronic structure of the copper oxide superconductor. This achievement is crucial for uncovering the "glue" that binds holes together and determining what makes them superconducting.
The University of Surrey in the United Kingdom invented a method for making ultra-small pure carbon crystals consisting entirely of spherical carbon "buckleball" molecules (C60), ie fullerenes. The method rapidly obtains a fullerene diamond crystal having a width of about 80 nm by mixing a liquid containing a low temperature C60 with another liquid, and its shape can also be controlled by changes in solvent, concentration and temperature. This new development will not only greatly increase the productivity of nanoscale fullerene crystals, but also enhance the ideal properties of nanodevices.
Germany: Trial run the first carbon fiber waste recycling plant.
A renewables company in Germany has developed a new process that allows carbon fiber composites to be effectively recycled and the first test unit is in operation. The regenerated carbon fiber has a shorter length and reduced strength and can be used in aircraft interiors and other less demanding composite parts. In Europe alone, there are about 400 to 1,000 tons of carbon fiber waste per year, so carbon fiber recycling has great market prospects.
Japan: Making conductive rubber is an important step toward deformable circuits.
In July 2008, Professor Yamada University and others developed a composite material, which is made from natural ramie fiber for clothes and biodegradable plastic produced from corn. Comprehensive tests show that the strength of the new material is 1.5 times that of fiberglass reinforced plastic, and it is expected to be used in cars and airplanes in the future.
Scientists at the University of Tokyo in Japan have combined carbon nanotubes with fluorinated copolymers to develop conductive rubber, an important step toward making deformable circuits. This high-tech material solves for the first time the problem of metal that is conductive but not stretchable. This important invention contributes to the realization of the integration of the human body with electronic devices and devices, and in the future, it can be made into a retractable electronic skin of a robot, an elastic integrated circuit, and the like.
In November, a research team led by Prof. Nakamura Shouyan from Shimane University in Japan developed a zinc oxide nanoparticle that emits fluorescence under light. The light is stable and safe, and the production cost is less than one percent of green fluorescent protein. Because zinc oxide is non-toxic and safe, the human body does not produce rejection reactions and can be applied to cutting-edge medical fields.
France: Self-healing elastic materials have come into practical use to develop the world's first transplantable artificial heart.
In February 2008, a French research team used a fatty acid extracted from plants to synthesize an elastic material that can repair itself without any adhesive. At present, Arkema Group of France is improving and perfecting two series of these new materials, including high-temperature, non-deformable super asphalt and super-molecular material plastic products which are resistant to various solvents. It can be officially put on the market within the year.
In October, the Pompidou Hospital in Paris developed the world's first portable artificial heart. It is about the size of a human heart and is covered with specially treated tissue to avoid rejection, especially the formation of blood clots, and it can respond immediately to changes in blood pressure, depending on the situation, with a corresponding heart rate. This artificial heart, which combines animal tissue, titanium metal and missile technology, can completely replace the human heart and save the lives of patients waiting for heart transplant surgery.
Israel: Produces high-strength medical nanofibers.
Scientists at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Israel Institute of Technology and the Nanofabrication Institute at the Haifa Lusser Berry, using natural proteins extracted from bovine blood, make a nanofiber that can be used to produce a new generation of medical sutures and bandages, and Good compatibility and durability. In addition to medical applications, this fiber has broad prospects in the fields of electronics, aerospace, and clothing.
Ukraine: Breakthroughs in processes such as the processing of shaped sapphire and the manufacture of nano-scale carbon fiber materials.
Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, sapphire is an ideal material for the manufacture of optical equipment and electronic instruments, and is widely used in medicine. The shaped sapphire process developed by the Single Crystal Research Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ensures that finished parts of different shapes and shapes can be obtained from any shaped sapphire.
The Ukrainian Institute of Surface Chemistry has developed a new method for the preparation of nanoscale composites that can produce carbon-containing conduits with diameters from 10 nm to 20 nm at the edge of thermally diffused graphite scales between 10 nm and 100 nm thick, and Carbon fiber with a diameter of less than 100 nanometers, suitable for mechanical manufacturing, chemical production and medical fields.
South Africa: Developed lightweight structural material casting technology.
The South African Institute of Technology and Industrial Research (CSIR) has taken a leading position in the manufacture of lightweight structural materials using light metals and composites such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum. It has developed a patented rheological casting technology and completed 130 tons and 630 tons. The installation of high-pressure casting units provides experimental conditions for the industrial application of this technology in the automotive and aerospace component industries.
The South African Institute of Technology and Industrial Research also found that agave can be used not only to make alcoholic beverages, but also that various parts of the plant can be successfully used in many different fields such as papermaking, automotive composites, pharmaceuticals and food industries. Said to be "zero waste" utilization.
Russia: The aircraft is made of a completely composite body.
In October 2008, Russia’s “Aerospace Composites Technology†company revealed to the media that the company had successfully developed an aircraft made entirely of composite materials. The two-seat light commercial aircraft codenamed "AKT-001" is equipped with a horizontally opposed engine from BMW that uses 95# gasoline instead of jet fuel. The aircraft's rear wing can be quickly disassembled, can be towed by a car on the road, and can be parked in an ordinary garage.
Canada: Discover substances between two and three dimensions.
Researchers at McGill University in Canada have discovered a new form of matter called a "quasi-three-dimensional transistor," which is not a true three-dimensional substance, but a substance between two and three dimensions. Researchers believe that the application of this discovery will make it possible to create smaller, more memory-intensive computer chips that greatly extend the life of Moore's Law.
Review of World Science and Technology Development in 2008·New Materials
The United States: The field of nanomaterials and metamaterials has been well established. There have been many advances in power conversion and low energy consumption products, and various nano drug delivery tools have been developed.