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Detailed listing of the characteristics of the insecticide rotenone
Rotenone, an essential insecticide in agricultural production, plays a vital role in pest management. But do farmers and their associates fully understand its properties and proper application methods? This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on rotenone, covering its characteristics, usage, and safety precautions.
Also known as rotenone, Omega, Shilv, or Green, rotenone is a natural insecticide derived from the roots of various plants. It is available in two common formulations: 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate and 7.5% emulsifiable concentrate.
Chemically, rotenone is a colorless orthorhombic crystal with a melting point between 132–166°C. It dissolves well in organic solvents like acetone, chloroform, and ethyl acetate but is insoluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, ether, and alcohol. The compound is sensitive to light and alkaline conditions, which can cause it to degrade and lose its insecticidal activity. However, it remains relatively stable when dried.
In terms of toxicity, rotenone is moderately toxic. Its acute oral LD50 for the original formulation ranges from 132 to 1500 mg/kg. Despite this, it is considered environmentally friendly due to its rapid decomposition and low persistence in the environment.
As a botanical insecticide, rotenone exhibits strong contact and stomach toxicity against a range of pests, including aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and diamondback moth larvae. It works by inhibiting the enzyme c-glutamate dehydrogenase, disrupting the respiratory function of insects. Being non-systemic and selective, it has minimal impact on beneficial organisms and is safe for use in integrated pest management systems.
Rotenone can be combined with other active ingredients such as matrine, trichlorfon, fenvalerate, avermectin (a bio-pesticide), and phoxim to create effective compound insecticides.
It is widely used in vegetable crops such as cruciferous vegetables, leafy greens, and tomatoes, providing effective control over aphids, cabbage worms, and diamondback moths. For optimal results, apply the insecticide during the early stages of infestation, repeating the treatment every 7 days, possibly up to two times.
For leafy vegetables and cruciferous crops, use 100–150 ml of 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate per 667 square meters, or 35–50 ml of 7.5% emulsifiable concentrate, diluted in 40–60 kg of water. Spray evenly to ensure full coverage.
During the egg hatching and early larval stages of pests like Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, apply the same dosage and frequency as for aphid control.
When using rotenone, avoid mixing it with alkaline pesticides. The product is flammable and may irritate the skin and eyes. At low temperatures, it may precipitate or crystallize, while high temperatures above 80°C can lead to degradation. Exposure to light, air, water, or alkali substances can accelerate oxidation and reduce effectiveness. Store it in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Additionally, rotenone can produce highly toxic phosgene when exposed to open flames or hot surfaces. Avoid spraying near fish ponds, livestock areas, or mulberry trees. The pre-harvest interval is 3 days.
For manufacturers and users, it's important to handle rotenone with care. If accidental exposure occurs, do not induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention for symptomatic treatment. There is no specific antidote available.
Overall, rotenone is a valuable tool in sustainable agriculture, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides when used properly.