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Detailed listing of the characteristics of the insecticide rotenone
Rotenone, an essential insecticide in agricultural production, plays a key role in pest management. But do farmers and their colleagues fully understand its properties and proper usage? This article will break down the details of rotenone, explaining how to use it effectively and safely.
Also known as rotenone, Omega, Shilv, or Green, rotenone is derived from the roots of various plants. It comes in two common formulations: 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate and 7.5% emulsifiable concentrate. Chemically, rotenone is a colorless orthorhombic compound with a melting point between 132–166°C. It dissolves well in solvents like acetone, chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl ester, and carbon disulfide, but is insoluble in water, carbon tetrachloride, ether, and alcohol. When exposed to light or alkali, rotenone can oxidize and lose its insecticidal activity. However, it remains relatively stable when dry.
In terms of toxicity, rotenone has a moderate level of acute oral LD50 ranging from 132 to 1500 mg/kg. As a botanical insecticide, it's highly effective against pests such as aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and diamondback moth larvae. It works by inhibiting the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase in insects, disrupting their respiration. Being non-systemic and selective, it breaks down quickly in the environment, making it eco-friendly and safe for beneficial insects.
Rotenone can be combined with other active ingredients like matrine, trichlorfon, fenvalerate, bio-pesticides such as avermectin, and phoxim to create more powerful compound insecticides.
It’s commonly used on cruciferous vegetables, leafy greens, and tomatoes to control aphids, cabbage worms, and diamondback moths. For optimal results, apply during the early stages of infestation, repeating every 7 days, up to two times. Use 100–150 ml of 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate or 35–50 ml of 7.5% per 667 square meters, mixed with 40–60 kg of water.
During egg hatching and early larval stages (2–3 instars) of Pieris rapae and Plutella xylostella, spray at the same dosage as for aphids.
When using rotenone, avoid mixing it with alkaline pesticides. The formulation is flammable and may irritate the skin and eyes. It can precipitate or crystallize at low temperatures and degrade above 80°C. Exposure to light, air, water, or alkaline substances can accelerate oxidation and reduce effectiveness. Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. Avoid contact with open flames, as it can produce toxic phosgene gas. Be cautious when applying near fish ponds, livestock areas, or mulberry trees.
The pre-harvest interval is 3 days. If accidentally ingested, do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention. There is no specific antidote available. Always wear protective gear and follow safety guidelines when handling this pesticide.