June 28, 2025

The basic principle of electronic transformers

A simple no-load transformer is made up of a closed magnetic core and two separate windings. One of these windings, known as the primary winding (Np), is connected to an AC power source, while the other, called the secondary winding (Ns), remains open-circuited or not connected to any load. This configuration allows the transformer to operate under no-load conditions.

When the primary winding is connected to an alternating voltage source (Ui), a small current, referred to as the no-load current (Io), begins to flow through it. This current is mainly responsible for magnetizing the core and creating an alternating magnetic flux within the magnetic circuit. The flux generated by the primary winding links both the primary and secondary windings, inducing electromotive forces in each.

This induced electromotive force in the primary winding is called E1, and the one in the secondary winding is called E2. The ratio of these voltages is directly proportional to the number of turns in the respective windings, meaning E1:E2 = Np:Ns. Even though there is no load connected to the secondary side, this induced voltage is still present due to the changing magnetic field created by the primary winding.

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