The combination of early wide-spaced cooling plates and aluminum refractories had a maximum heat load of only 5xl04w/mZ, which was mainly due to insufficient cooling capacity and poor thermal shock resistance of the refractories. In the blast furnace, there is no need to install a cooling system with such a large heat load capacity. When the peak heat load does not exceed 1.5xl, the cast iron stave is enough. It must be emphasized that these heat load peaks are initially determined data, but are suitable for long-term application to blast furnace linings and staves. The average blast furnace heat load is often very low, and is often used to determine the cooling water recirculation rate and the total cooling capacity of the system. The maximum heat load capacity of different cooling methods combined with refractories has greatly improved the cast iron cooling stave with a maximum heat load value. With the technical improvement of the cast iron cooling stave and the improvement of the combination with the refractory material, the multi-stage cooling water circulation in the thickened cast iron stave has increased the maximum heat load. At the same time, the concept of cooling plate is further developed. The cavity is expanded to 30, the cooling intensity is higher, and the thermal shock resistance of the refractory material is stronger, especially silicon carbide and graphite refractories. This is the concept of black lining. The copper stave combined with graphite can withstand the heat load. This kind of heat load level is insurmountable (even in modern intensified smelting blast furnaces) Copper cooling stave has a good cooling effect, and the key to the operation of the metallurgical furnace cooling system with the maximum cooling capacity up to the heat load of the slag skin is in the cooling unit. The slag skin is formed on the hot surface. The slag skin is condensed by scouring, dripping, and solidification, and the slag iron is solidified, the thickness can reach to the left and right. The stability of the slag skin mainly depends on the cooling strength of the cooling unit and its own mechanical adhesion. The scouring of the furnace wall airflow also affects the slag skin retention. Steel poles are commonly used to carry several
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