Ginkgo high-yield cultivation technology

First, the variety selection currently has the following main varieties: Dongting Buddha (also known as Dongting Emperor) Dayuan Bell, Big Buddha Finger, Zhangzhou Big Buddha (also known as the Flat Buddha), Dajin Pendant, Da Ma Ling, Damei Nuclear, Qixing Fruit, Longtan Huang et al. Construction and planting of the garden
1. Environmental Adaptability of Ginkgo Biloba is a tree species that is very adaptable and resistant. As long as the annual average temperature is between 7.7 °C and 21.5 °C, it can cultivate ginkgo. Ginkgo has a wide range of annual rainfall requirements, and can grow well from 500 to 800 mm. At the same time, within the range of 328 to 1950 mm, as long as the drainage conditions are good, no flooding will occur and no growth will occur. However, if the flowering period is continuous and rainy, the pollination will be unfavorable, which will result in a reduction in production. Ginkgo can withstand a certain drought, but continuous high temperature and drought, if you add air to dry, there will be leaves with yellow and early leaves. Some adverse environmental factors should be modified during the construction of the park to create good environmental conditions for the early production of Ginkgo biloba.

2. Change the soil construction Ginkgo biloba is a longevity tree species. The adult tree (50 years old) has a main root depth of 1.5 meters and a horizontal root length of 13.5 meters. Therefore, when the garden is built, the soil improvement should be carried out according to the requirements of the soil improvement and cultivation of the fruit trees planted by Qiao. In the river tidal soil, tidal soil and mountain slopes on the alluvial land of the rivers, the garden can be built with a trench type (depth, width 80-100 cm). In the construction of a mountain on the deep hills, it is best to choose the middle and lower blocks of the sunny slopes with good lighting conditions, and take the large holes (1 meter long, wide and deep) to change the soil, remove the stones in the holes, and fill the soil with the fields. Combined with soil improvement, each plant (or each hole) before planting seedlings is applied with 100-200 kg of soil and 4 to 5 kg of phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer.

If you are building a garden on a hilly or hilly slope or when you need to build a garden on the entire hillside, you should design a plan for a high-rise ladder. At the same time of the leveling of the platform, it is still necessary to change the soil and apply the bottom fertilizer according to the method of sulcus or large hole (5000 kg of decomposed manure per acre in the garden ditch), and the topsoil should be dry, fine and flat before planting.

3. Planting
3.1 Planting Density According to the test, ginkgo should obtain high yield in the early stage, and it is feasible to increase the density, such as 2×3 meters, 2×2 meters or 1×3 meters. However, since many varieties of ginkgo have the characteristics of strong growth, fast growth and hi-light, the above density generally begins to appear shaded at the beginning of the result without ventilation and light transmission. It is necessary to move out (transplant) some plants according to the plan of dense planting. Otherwise, the output will decrease.

3.2 Male and female plants are equipped with dioecious plants of Ginkgo biloba. When planting seedlings, the number of planting seedlings and the planting place and mode should be well planned. Generally, the ratio of male to female is 100:2~3, around the orchard or spring. Especially in the flowering period, the male plants are planted in the windward mouth of the wind, and the planting terrain of the male plants should be as high as possible.

3.3 The technical requirements for planting seedlings should be selected from the strong seedlings of the regular nursery unit (grafted seedlings or cutting seedlings); the acupoints should be deep; the base fertilizer should be applied; the soil should be dry; the soil should be suitable; the seedlings should be shallow; Irrigation; the height of the soil after planting should be reasonable. Special reminder: Before planting the seedlings, check whether the main root of the grafted seedling roots is intact. If the main roots are intact, the 1/3 to 1/2 parts should be cut off. If the original cutting length is insufficient, the feet should be cut to promote the growth of the lateral roots. Conducive to early results.

Third, the plastic trimming points According to the test, the selection of the centerless dry tree shape (such as natural happy shape), combined with the canopy quick-breaking technology, is one of the important measures for the early yielding of Ginkgo biloba.

1. The height of the ginkgo natural happy shape should be reasonable. The first year of planting is fixed at a height of 60 cm to 80 cm. In the shaping belt, choose 3 to 4 different directions, the azimuth angle is reasonable, and the main branch is suitable. During the growing season, it is possible to adjust the opening angle of the main branch by pulling out the measures. Using several buds close to the cut to grow the characteristics of strong shoots, the summer topping or the next year is short cut at 50 cm on the main branch, so that it will draw two secondary branches. The light-cutting of the secondary collaterals is used to increase the amount of branches and leaves, and the plasticity is formed for 3 to 5 years, forming 3 to 4 permanent backbone branches, and branches 3 to 4, forming a low trunk and multiple branches. A well-ventilated natural happy shape. The natural happy shape has the characteristics of short tree, thick diameter, wide crown, early fruit and high yield. During the period of plastic surgery, in order to get early results, the summer topping and axillary buds of the auxiliary branches are very important. The length of the branches is controlled by the heart, so that the spatial position of the branches is reasonable, and the early maturity of the branches and leaves is promoted, and the nutrients are accumulated, which is beneficial to the flowering result. The axillary buds control the unnecessary branching and the nutrient consumption.

2. The trimming method is closely related to the trimming. By trimming the ginkgo tree to maintain the rational structure of the ginkgo tree trunk, main branches, side branches and fruit branches, the distribution of nutrients in various parts of the tree is regulated, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved. Coordinate the balance between growth and fruiting, so as to obtain the effects of dry production, high yield, stable yield and high quality.

2.1 The main reason is to eliminate the dense branches, the cross branches, the branches, the overlapping branches and the long branches that are difficult to use. The purpose is to improve the ventilation and light transmission of the canopy and the balanced development of the tree.

2.2 The purpose of short and short cuts is mainly to promote strong new shoots, but on ginkgo trees, short cuts only have a significant effect on the trunks of young trees or shoots of healthy shoots, and the effects on branches on large trees are not obvious. Because the pruning reaction of Ginkgo biloba is slower, the branches under the cut are weak and weak, and the farther from the trunk, the weaker the branching force after cutting. Therefore, the long branch light cut is better than the heavy short cut, for example, for the 1 year old strong shoots, only the top buds are erased or only the top 3 to 5 buds are cut off, and 2 to 3 buds under the cut are easily transformed into short fruit branches; Characteristics, on the contrary, after destroying the top bud of the short fruit branch, the long branch is easily extracted in the middle of the short fruit branch. Using this characteristic, the proportion of long and short fruit branches in the canopy is adjusted reasonably, and a reasonable result part is formed, which creates favorable conditions for the three-dimensional result, high yield and stable yield.

2.3 The purpose of retracting and retracting is to update and rejuvenate. The retracting cuts at the time of the update should generally be selected before the highest point of the elbow of the drooping branches, and it is preferable to have a strong branch to each branch under the retracting cut. After the retraction trimming, all the aging branches under the retraction port should be cut off. If the reaction is slow after retracting and trimming, it may be that the amount of retraction is not enough. Generally, for a ginkgo tree of about 30 years old, the amount of retraction trimming of the main side branch can be 1/3 of the full length. If there are more short fruit branches in the lower part of the branch, in most cases, no new shoots will be germinated. At this time, the result branches can be updated by destroying the top buds, and the short fruit branches can be turned into long branches.

2.4 The purpose of topping the heart is to control the top advantage of the branches, adjust the balance of nutrient supply, and increase the number of branches. The time of topping ginkgo pruning is mainly winter pruning and summer pruning.

2.5 Pruning measures for early flowering results Grafting seedlings for cultivation and management After the third or fourth year of growth, special pruning measures can be taken to promote early flowering.

2.5.1 Flip the skin at the base of the main branch with a sharp knife to peel off the cortex of the main branch 1/10 of the width of the main branch, and then stick it back, and fasten it with a plastic film. This method promotes flowering up to 92.6%.

2.5.2 The cerclage is wound around the base of the main branch with a 16-gauge wire, and then tightened with a metal clamp to reach the xylem.

2.5.3 Ring cutting at the base of the main branch with a knife to cut a knife every 0.5 cm, a total of 2 knives to 3 knives, deep xylem is appropriate.

The above measures should be implemented in mid-June to promote flower bud differentiation and flowering in the following year. But only for young trees or long branches, avoid overdoing.

Fourth, soil and fertilizer management
Soil management
1.1 If the soil management of the young tree garden is not reformed before the planting of the whole plant, the land improvement work should be continued in the deep-expanded expansion and expansion in the vicinity of October. The tree tray in the sapling stage should be managed according to the method of shallow-cultivation, weeding and covering. . For young gardens with medium and low density planting, when the inter-row space is large, they can be used as crops such as legume green manure or peanuts, watermelons, and other shallow roots, short growing seasons, and low fertilizer requirements.

1.2 Soil Management in Chengling Garden
1.2.1 Soil Improvement Ginkgo biloba is generally modified by rotating deep groove manure and combined with deep application of base fertilizer. If the root system is exposed, it should be cultivated in time. In the south, before and after October, two corresponding azimuths outside the canopy drip line are selected to be 30 cm to 40 cm wide, 40 cm to 60 cm deep (depending on the crown), and then combined with the application of fertilizer water to bury the organic Fertilizer, rotate orientation every year.

1.2.2 Soil cultivation The root system of mature Ginkgo biloba is very developed. Therefore, it is possible to implement the soil cultivation system of the grass-growing method or the management of the method of cultivating and covering. The depth of cultivating should be 10 cm to 15 cm, and herbicides such as glyphosate and simazine can also be used for weeding. Coverage is divided into whole garden coverage and tree tray coverage, perennial coverage and short-term coverage, but is generally covered by tree trays. The covering material can be taken locally, using grass, straw, straw, etc., 10 cm to 20 cm thick, leaving a gap of 10 cm from the trunk, and the covering can be buried in the soil at the end of the covering.

2. Ginkgo fertilization
2.1 Fertilization management of young ginkgo gardens The saplings are mainly vegetatively grown, and nitrogen fertilizer should be the main focus when fertilizing. In the first year after the planting of Ginkgo biloba, only urea was applied once in the new shoot growth period in May, and 100 grams per plant was applied. In winter, 30 kg of turf soil was applied to each planting hole, and the second year after planting, the pit was fertilized. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba is more developed, the surface layer is more distributed, and the roots are more fertile. In order to extend the roots of the ginkgo saplings to the depth of the soil layer, the second year of planting begins. Continuously expand the pit and apply heavy fertilizer to improve the organic matter in the deep layer of the soil and change the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The fertilizers applied therein include garbage fertilizer, pig manure, green manure, bean straw, bagasse, turf soil, compound fertilizer, oil dry, calcium phosphate, potassium sulfate and the like. It should be noted that the expansion of the ginkgo tree should be carried out within 2 to 4 years after planting. If the canopy is closed in the evening, the roots of the surface are densely covered, and the branches and roots are easily broken during operation, which directly or indirectly affects the fruiting.

2.2 Fertilization of Chenglingyuan Ginkgo is divided into base fertilizer and top dressing after entering the ageing. The base fertilizer is applied to the decomposed poultry manure, compost, green manure and other organic fertilizers from October to November; the top dressing is divided into three applications within one year, the first time before germination (early from March to March). The second time in the first few days of the peak period of fruit enlargement (about late May), add appropriate amount of superphosphate with urea or ammonium bicarbonate. The third time in the middle and late July, the application of phosphate fertilizer, combined with the application of nitrogen fertilizer, promote the expansion of the branches and enhance the development of the species.

2.3 Fertilization amount and method adopt circular ring ditch fertilization, ditch on opposite sides of tree tray, alternate rotation, specifications 30 cm ~ 40 cm wide, 40 cm ~ 60 cm deep, fertilized peanut cake, vegetables Seed cake, chemical fertilizer and dilute water. The annual fertilization amount per plant: 1.5 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, 0.5 kg of urea, 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.15 kg of potassium sulfate, and 0.5 kg of superphosphate. The ratio of three times of fertilization in the whole year is 2:2:1.