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Development of Intellectual Property Rights of Key Industries in China in the Ten Years of WTO Entry——Non-ferrous Metals
I. Patent applications of China's non-ferrous metals industry According to the statistics released by the “Key Industry Patent Information Service Platformâ€, from 2001 to 2010, there were 196,674 patent applications in China's non-ferrous metals industry, of which 81,010 were patent applications. The patent application for metal smelting is 25,303, the patent application for alloy is 23,322, the patent application for non-ferrous metal processing is 25,455, and the environmental protection patent application is 41,584. In addition, the number of applications involving patented inventions was 11,007, the number of applications involving utility models was 82,659, the number of applications involving design was 4,008, and the number of inventions authorized was 42,913. Although the first time in 2010 (the patents applied in 2010 were not fully disclosed, generally 18 months delay), the number of patent applications in China's non-ferrous metals industry has increased rapidly since 2001, and in 2009, At the peak, the number of applications in 2010 increased by 434.0% compared with 2001. From 2001 to 2010, the number of applications for invention patents in the patent application for non-ferrous metal mining in China was 29,587, the number of applications involving utility models was 49,696, the number of applications involving design was 1,727, and the number of inventions was 8,870; the smelting of non-ferrous metals In the patent application, 21,629 applications for invention patents were involved, 3,674 applications for utility models, and 9,327 inventions for inventions; 170,730 applications for invention patents in patent applications for non-ferrous metal alloys, and 4,238 applications for utility models, involving design The number of applications is 2051, and the invention license is 7612; the patent application for non-ferrous metal processing involves 18,660 applications for invention patents, 6795 for utility models, and 8670 for inventions; and patent applications for non-ferrous metal environmental protection involving invention patents. Applications for 23098, involving 18,256 applications for utility models, 230 applications for design and 8,344 for inventions. As a traditional industry, the non-ferrous metals industry is relatively mature, so there is less room for innovation than some high-tech fields. However, as the country proposes a sustainable development strategy and the needs of the company's own development, the company pays more attention to the research and development of green technologies such as energy conservation and environmental protection. These technologies have high technological content and generate economic and social benefits. Therefore, the quality of patent applications in the non-ferrous metals industry has also been high in recent years. From 2001 to 2010, among the patents applied for in the non-ferrous metal industry in China, invention patents and utility models accounted for 55.9% and 42.0% respectively, while the number of patent applications for design was relatively small. Among them, the application for utility model patents has basically increased linearly. The number of applications in 2010 increased by 518.4% compared with 2001. Although the application for invention patents decreased significantly in 2010, it also showed an overall growth trend, and the number of applications reached in 2009. At the peak, the number of applications in 2010 increased by 372.5% compared with 2001; the number of patent applications for design has been relatively stable, and the number is small, with no more than 800 in each year. On the whole, in China's non-ferrous metals industry, the proportion of invention patents with the highest gold content is more than half. It can be considered that the overall quality of patents in the non-ferrous metals industry is good. 1. Mining technology Non-ferrous mines have made progress in processes and technologies such as cement-filled mining, non-waste mining, deep well mining, complex difficult mining, leaching mining, open pit mining, open pit underground mining and digital mining technology. Breakthrough has promoted the technological progress of the mining industry and made important contributions to the development of China's mining industry. 2. Smelting technology The natural endowment of China's aluminum ore is not good, mainly a diaspore-type aluminum ore. The ore is high in silicon and must be treated by a high-energy sintering method. China's scientific and technological personnel invented the "mineralization-Bayer method" on the basis of the Bayer method abroad, which reduced energy consumption in aluminum production by 50% and production cost by 15%. Compared with the original, it not only has low cost, low energy consumption, low construction investment, but also makes the reserves of aluminum mines “increasedâ€. In the past, aluminum industry production required aluminum ore ratio of aluminum ore to be more than 8:1, and now the ore with a ratio of aluminum to silicon of 6:1 or 5:1 can also be extracted and utilized, which "expands" China's water-hard aluminum The reserves of stone-type aluminum ore. At the same time, through the technical means of increasing the electrolytic cell and improving the cathode and anode structure in the tank, the energy consumption for producing electrolytic aluminum has gradually caught up with the advanced level of foreign enterprises. 3. Processing Technology Aluminum processing has formed a number of original processing technologies through independent development, introduction, digestion and innovation, such as: continuous casting and rolling technology and equipment for aluminum slab, electromagnetic casting and rolling technology and equipment for aluminum strip, modern aluminum sheet With hot and cold rolling mill design and manufacturing technology. At the same time, the focus is on the metallurgical quality of the ingot, the structural properties of the processed material and the surface quality of the product to carry out scientific and technological research, forming an aluminum alloy melt purification technology with independent innovation, which greatly improved the product yield; developed a coal truck High value-added products such as armored vehicles and pre-stretched sheets for aviation; high-grade products such as cans, PS printing plate bases and high-voltage anode foils for capacitors. Second, the foreign non-ferrous metal industry patent application situation "Key industry patent information service platform" statistics show that from 2001 to 2010, the United States non-ferrous metals industry a total of 186,112 patent applications, including 141,228 selection, non-ferrous metal smelting 13528, alloy 7798 pieces, 10140 pieces of non-ferrous metal processing, 13418 pieces of environmental protection; 157,210 patent applications in Japan's non-ferrous metals industry, including 87,277 pieces of mining, 15,676 pieces of non-ferrous metals, 12,973 pieces of alloys, 14555 pieces of non-ferrous metals, and 26,729 pieces of environmental protection; Germany There are 47,493 patent applications in the non-ferrous metals industry, including 37,366 picks, 2,642 non-ferrous metals, 1,837 alloys, 2,125 non-ferrous metals, and 3,253 environmental protection. The Russian non-ferrous metals industry has a total of 42,049 patent applications, including 27,363. Non-ferrous metal smelting 4301 pieces, alloy 2318 pieces, non-ferrous metal processing 3836 pieces, environmental protection 4231 pieces; Canada non-ferrous metal industry has a total of 33104 patent applications, including 24,029 pieces, 2,045 non-ferrous metal smelting, 1233 pieces of alloy, non-ferrous metal processing 2,537 pieces, 2,860 pieces of environmental protection. Overall, from 2001 to 2010, in foreign patent applications for non-ferrous metals, the number of applications for mining was the largest, and far exceeded other classifications. From the perspective of the total number of applications, Japan and the United States have the largest number of patent applications for non-ferrous metals, far exceeding other countries. In addition to mining, Japan has the highest number of applications in the four categories of smelting, alloying, processing, and environmental protection, and the number advantage is most obvious in patent applications related to environmental protection. The US and Japanese non-ferrous metals industries started earlier. The effective technology, technological innovation system and government support have injected vitality into the development of the non-ferrous metals industry, which has rapidly transformed the non-ferrous metal industry into a strong non-ferrous metal industry. 1. United States The United States attaches great importance to technological innovation activities in its non-ferrous metals industry. Under the guidance of the government, American companies put the concept of relying on advanced technology for development in the first place, and their enthusiasm and investment in technological innovation are very large. For example, in order to maintain its leading position in the global aluminum industry, Alcoa's annual investment in research and development alone amounts to $1.3-250 million. The characteristics of technological innovation in the US non-ferrous metals industry are as follows: (1) Smelting technology focuses on the study of capacity expansion. The non-ferrous metal smelting industry is a technology-intensive and capital-intensive industry. In the fierce market competition, the cost factor is particularly critical. The cost of an enterprise product is largely determined by the size of the enterprise. Therefore, the US non-ferrous metal smelting industry focuses on technological innovation to expand production capacity. (2) The overall innovation focus shifts from smelting to high-tech materials and from common metals to rare metals. 2. Japan Japan's technological innovation is taking the road of “introduction, digestion, absorption, and innovationâ€. Most companies in Japan have research institutes of different sizes. The Central Research Institute of Sumitomo Metal Mine Co., Ltd. is a representative of enterprise research institutes engaged in the development of non-ferrous metal technology. Research centers consisting of government research institutes, companies, and universities can continually propose strategic tasks with a clear impact on academia, industry, and society. In Japan, the focus of technology development in the non-ferrous metal smelting sector is energy-saving technology. The other is the comprehensive utilization of resources and metal recycling. Japan's recycled aluminum technology is the world leader. 3. Russia In recent years, Russia and other CIS countries have made some new progress in the introduction and innovation of non-ferrous metal industry production technology: in the field of hydrometallurgy, Russia has developed new solvent extraction and ion exchange processes. It can separate and extract various rare elements and refractory metals. All zinc plants in Russia and the Simkent smelting lead plant in Kazakhstan have applied a process for extracting indium from zinc solutions. In production practices around the world, this is a very unique process that increases the recovery of indium from 10% to 30%; Russian research institutes and related companies have also developed high-purity zinc, antimony, indium and antimony. Production methods for non-ferrous metals such as niobium, and various new technologies are combined for the production of high-purity metals. In addition, Russia has developed a new process for the treatment of large quantities of spent catalysts in refineries, from which valuable elements such as platinum, palladium, molybdenum, cobalt and nickel are recovered. Third, break the foreign patent blockade Take the most important invention patent as an example. From 2001 to 2010, the United States applied for 5,860 non-ferrous metal invention patents in China, accounting for 19.8% of the Chinese non-ferrous metal invention patent applications; the number of Japanese applications was 8,222, accounting for 27.8%; the number of German applications was 2412, accounting for More than 8.2%; 3 countries applied for a total of 16,494 non-ferrous metal invention patents, accounting for 55.7%. Since there are other countries applying for non-ferrous metal invention patents in China, it can be estimated that in the Chinese non-ferrous metal invention patent application, the number of patents of foreign applicants is far more than 50%. The main force and large foreign patent application are the giants of the multinational metallurgical industry. These giants have already carried out patent strategic layout in China, and many of the patented technologies are at the core of the industry technology. These giants often implement technical blockades after mastering key technologies, which leads to the development of domestic non-ferrous metal enterprises often subject to people. At the end of the 20th century, metal fibers have developed into new functional materials and high-tech products. Due to the difficulty and complicated process of metal fiber preparation technology, only a few countries such as the United States, Belgium, and Japan have mastered it. Belgium Bekaert has controlled more than half of the world market. In the mid-1980s, China began to build a large-scale chemical fiber plant in China. Stainless steel fiber felts were used in the production of chemical fiber. At that time, all metal fiber felts were imported from Belgium. Imported fiber felts are expensive and untimely delivery, which has seriously affected the production of domestic enterprises. The Northwest Nonferrous Metal Research Institute has been conducting independent research and development since 1990. After completing the relevant research and development of the laboratory, industrial trial production was carried out around 1996, and in 1998, the goal of metal fiber industrialization was achieved, and the country's largest metal fiber and product research, production and testing base was built.