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Earthquake emergency evacuation park construction in Japan
Earthquake emergency shelters are essential facilities established by governments and communities to respond to natural disasters, such as earthquakes. These shelters are designed with emergency evacuation and life-support services in place, offering the public a safe space for protection and survival. The development of such shelters is crucial for enhancing overall disaster preparedness and promoting a more resilient and harmonious society.
Following the Great Kanto Earthquake in the 1920s, Japan took significant steps to formalize the construction of emergency shelters through legislation and standardized planning. By the end of the 20th century, Japan had developed a comprehensive shelter system. In recent years, the Chinese government has also emphasized the importance of building earthquake emergency shelters, issuing laws and regulations aimed at improving disaster prevention and mitigation. Japan's experience has served as a valuable reference for these efforts.
Japan has long recognized the critical role of parks in disaster response. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which devastated Tokyo and claimed over 90,000 lives, highlighted the importance of open spaces like parks and green areas in preventing fires and providing refuge. After this tragedy, Japan focused on strengthening building safety, increasing urban greenery, ensuring access to firefighting water, and conducting regular disaster preparedness training for citizens.
In 1993, Japan revised the "Enforcement Order of the City Park Law," officially designating parks as "disaster prevention facilities." This marked a turning point in how parks were viewed and utilized during emergencies. The 1996 Great Hanshin Earthquake further reinforced the importance of city parks in disaster relief, leading to increased awareness of their role in saving lives and supporting recovery.
In 1998, the Ministry of Construction introduced detailed guidelines for designing disaster prevention parks. These parks are now considered an integral part of Japan’s disaster management system, alongside earthquake-resistant infrastructure and emergency sites. Disaster prevention parks are categorized into five types based on their functions:
1. Large-scale public parks (over 50 hectares) serve as wide-area disaster bases, providing first aid, housing reconstruction, and urban rehabilitation.
2. Major parks (over 10 hectares) function as wide-area refuges during major disasters.
3. Parks larger than one hectare act as temporary evacuation sites for nearby residents.
4. Green avenues wider than 10 meters serve as evacuation routes.
5. Buffered green belts near industrial areas help prevent hazards.
6. Small street parks (around 500 square meters) support local disaster prevention activities.
After the Great Hanshin Earthquake, Kobe City prioritized the reconstruction of its parks, repairing over 400 damaged ones and building 100 new ones. Today, the city boasts 1,372 urban parks, with an average of 15.7 square meters per person—ranking among the highest in Japan. Three of these parks function as wide-area disaster prevention bases, demonstrating the city’s commitment to resilience and safety.