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Earthquake emergency evacuation park construction in Japan
Earthquake emergency shelters are essential facilities established by governments and communities to respond to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. These shelters are designed with life-support systems and evacuation services to provide safe spaces for the public during emergencies. Their purpose is to enhance disaster preparedness and contribute to a more resilient and harmonious society. Following the Great Kanto Earthquake in the 1920s, Japan introduced legal frameworks for the construction of such shelters and set standards for their planning. By the late 20th century, Japan had developed a comprehensive shelter system. In recent years, China has also prioritized the development of earthquake shelters, issuing regulations and guidelines while learning from international experiences, including Japan’s approach.
Japan has long recognized the critical role of parks in disaster prevention. The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, which destroyed 40% of Tokyo's buildings and claimed over 90,000 lives, marked a turning point. During this disaster, public spaces like parks and open areas played a crucial role in preventing fires and providing refuge. These areas proved more effective than artificial fire suppression methods, saving many lives. This experience led Japan to focus on improving building resilience, increasing green spaces, ensuring access to firefighting water, and conducting regular disaster drills.
In 1993, Japan amended the "Enforcement Order of the City Park Law," officially designating parks as "facilities needed for emergency relief." This change reclassified city parks as "disaster prevention parks" for the first time. After the 1996 Great Hanshin Earthquake, Kobe’s 1,250 parks demonstrated their value in disaster response, prompting further recognition of the importance of urban parks in disaster management. The Japanese government now views city parks primarily as bases for disaster prevention and relief rather than just recreational spaces.
In 1998, the Ministry of Construction issued the "Disaster Prevention Plan and Guidelines for Designing Projects," setting clear definitions, functions, and standards for disaster prevention parks. These parks are part of Japan’s broader disaster mitigation strategy, which includes earthquake-resistant infrastructure and safe evacuation sites. According to the guidelines, disaster prevention parks are categorized into five types:
1. Large public parks (over 50 hectares) that serve as regional disaster bases, offering first aid, reconstruction support, and recovery services.
2. Major parks (over 10 hectares) functioning as wide-area evacuation zones during major disasters.
3. Urban parks (over 1 hectare) used as temporary evacuation sites or transfer points to larger shelters.
4. Green corridors (10 meters wide) serving as evacuation routes.
5. Buffer green belts along industrial and urban areas.
6. Small street parks (around 500 square meters) used for local disaster prevention activities.
After the Hanshin earthquake, Kobe made rebuilding parks a top priority. Over 400 damaged parks were restored, and 100 new ones were built, bringing the total to 1,372. With an average of 15.7 square meters of park space per person, Kobe ranks among the top cities in Japan. Three of these parks function as wide-area disaster prevention bases, reinforcing the city’s resilience against future disasters.