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How natural disasters are formed
Natural disasters are events caused by abnormal natural changes that lead to loss of life, property damage, social instability, and resource destruction. For a disaster to occur, two key conditions must be met: first, there must be a natural trigger, such as an environmental shift or geological activity; second, there must be vulnerable people, assets, or resources that are affected by the event.
Throughout history, disasters have been primarily caused by two factors: natural variations and human activities. Disasters resulting from natural causes are known as natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. On the other hand, those caused by human actions—such as industrial accidents, traffic collisions, or pollution—are referred to as man-made disasters.
The formation and development of natural disasters can vary greatly in time. Some occur suddenly and with great intensity, such as earthquakes, floods, or typhoons, which can manifest within minutes or hours. These are known as sudden disasters. Others, like droughts, crop failures, or pest infestations, may develop over weeks or months but still have clear onset and end periods, making them fall under the category of sudden disasters as well. In contrast, some disasters develop gradually over years, such as desertification, soil erosion, or environmental degradation, and are classified as delayed disasters.
Many major natural disasters can trigger a chain of secondary effects, known as a disaster chain. The initial event is called the primary disaster, while the subsequent ones are secondary. Additionally, after a disaster strikes, it can disrupt the environment and lead to further problems, such as health crises or ecological imbalances. For example, after a severe drought, people may turn to deep groundwater sources that contain high levels of fluoride, leading to fluorosis—a condition known as a derivative disaster.
It’s important to note that disaster processes are often complex. A single event can result from multiple causes, or one disaster can cause several different types of impacts simultaneously. In such cases, the classification of the disaster depends on the main cause and its primary form of expression. This article was originally published by China Rescue Equipment Network.